ssl Tunneling

SSL for unsecured Servers

A client can establish an encrypted SSL connection to the Membrane Router. The router terminates the SSL channel and communicates in plain HTTP or SOAP with the server. Using this configuration you can provide SSL encryption and authentication even if your service does not provide SSL. The Membrane Router can also doloadbalancing or access control.

Figure1: SSL Encryption for unsecured Server

See also the example/ssl-server directory of the Membrane distribution for example configuration files for this scenario.

SSL Tunnel to the Server

Membrane Router can enable clients that do not support SSL to communicate with a SSL secured server. To secure the connection the traffic is encrypted by the router before it enters the unsecured network.

Figure2: Non SSL Client communicates with secured Server

See also the example/ssl-client directory of the Membrane distribution for example configuration files for this scenario.

Monitoring a SSL Connection

Because a SSL connection is encrypted it is not possible to monitor the traffic between the client and the server. By using two SSL connections, one between client and monitor and one between monitor and server, it is possible to analyze and monitor the traffic. So both client and server think they are communicating point to point securely with their peer.

Figure3: Logging SSL encrypted Traffic

SSL Tunnel and VPN

A SSL tunnel can route traffic between an unsecured client and an unsecured server over the hostile internet. At each organisation a Membrane Router can work as SSL termination point and provide the desired encryption and authentication.

Figure4: SSL VPN Tunnel

Technical Configuration

Inbound and outbound SSL can be configured using thessl element in proxies.xml.

Customization of ROM on your Android Phone

You might have read or heard people talking about custom ROMs they have installed on their Android devices. Here's how to do it quickly and safely… 

One of the main reasons people like to root their devices is to install a new or different version of the operating system. The open source nature of the OS means that it's possible for anyone to view the code that makes up Android and then modify it as they see fit, in a similar way to which the Linux-based desktop operating systems work.

Custom ROMs can offer new features over the standard ones, allowing you to tailor your device to your needs. They also allow developers to port other manufacturers' interfaces to other device makes – for instance, HTC's Sense UI onto Samsung phones – or to remove a heavily customised ROM altogether. Another reason is to hurry along the update process: you are no longer tied to waiting on the phone manufacturers and the mobile operators to push out the latest version of Android. Installing a new ROM is a relatively simple and quick process thanks to the ROM Manager app which can be downloaded for free from the Android Market.

First of all you need to root your phone and there are a few methods for doing so. Some of the most popular are: SuperOneClick, Universal Androot and Z4Root. Check the compatibility with your particular device before attempting to gain root access. Here's how we'll do it:

For this example we'll use Z4 Root. Download it from here, as it isn't available on the Market. You will need to register first. Now, copy the .apk file you've downloaded to your SD card and then install using an app such as 'Easy Installer' or by clicking on the apk in your favourite file manager.

Open Z4Root and in the centre you will see a button saying 'Root'. Click on the button and wait for a short while, for the process to complete; the progress is shown in the bottom bar. After it has finished, the phone will reboot. You now have root access!

Once you've rooted your phone, ROM Manager makes backing up, installing a custom recovery and downloading the new one a breeze – and will even enable you to restore your original ROM if you prefer! This tutorial will take you through the process step by step and help you on the way to a fresh new experience with your phone…

Disclaimer
Rooting your phone and installing ROMs on your device may void your manufacturer warranty. You undertake the procedure outlined in this tutorial at your own risk. Android Magazine and Imagine Publishing Ltd. cannot be held responsible for loss of data or damage to your device.

Words by: Kieron Howard

1. 
   

   Installing ROM Manager

   First off, you will need to install the ROM Manager app. The good news its that it's a free one (although there is a premium version that offers more features). Open up the Android Market from your apps list and search for 'ROM Manager', then click the icon and install.

 
2. 
   

   Install Clockwork recovery

   When you rooted your Android device (see page 68), it's quite likely that at the same time you installed a piece of 'custom recovery' software. ROM Manager will check that you have this installed and that you have the latest version that's available.

 
3. 
   

   Back up your ROM, part 1

   Open up ROM Manager, click on the Backup Current ROM button, give the backup a name (perhaps something like 'Standard ROM Backup') and then click OK. You might be asked to allow ROM Manager superuser access and you'll need to grant this.

4. 
   

   Back up your ROM, part 2

   The phone will now automatically reboot into recovery mode. The backup process can take a little while, so make sure you aren't expecting any important calls! The recovery backs up your current ROM to the microSD card, so it's important not to format this.

 
5. 
   

   Choose your ROM

   Back in ROM Manager, click 'Download ROM'. This will bring up a list of available ROMs for your device. In this example we will install CyanogenMod 7, one of the most popular custom versions of Android due to its stability and wide device support.

 
6. 
   

   Download the ROM

   Choose the CyanogenMod version you wish to download – the latest version at time of writing is 7.1.0-RC. It's strongly advisable to stay away from the 'Nightly' builds, as these are largely experimental. Google apps don't come as standard, so click to download them.

7. 
   

   Installing the ROM, part 1

   Once the ROM and Google Apps have finished downloading, reopen ROM Manager and you will see the ROM pre-installation screen. Tick the 'Wipe Dalvik' and 'Wipe Data and Cache' boxes. Click OK and the phone will now reboot into recovery again.

 
8. 
   

   Installing the ROM, part2

   The new ROM will now install. This might take a little while. Once complete, the phone will reboot again. The first boot of any new ROM can take a while, sometimes up to 15 minutes, so be patient and don't panic if the device appears to have frozen.

 
9. 
   

   Set up Google account

   Once the phone has booted up, you will then be prompted to enter your Google account details. Doing this will automatically download and set up all your contacts, settings and apps back onto the phone. You now have a brand new ROM to explore!

10. 
    

    Calibrate battery (optional)

    Plug in your Android device while it's on and let it charge fully. Disconnect and turn off, then reconnect the power cable and wait until the LED goes green. Disconnect and turn back on, turn off again and reconnect the charger until the LED goes green again.

Build your Own Kernel with Ubuntu

Create a kernel specifically for your Android device in just 10 steps

One of the reasons Android has been able to do so well in the mobile markets is thanks to the open source, Linux base for the system. Because it has this open system, it means that the development and licensing is a lot cheaper for phone and tablet manufacturers and Google still gets to make its money via advertising revenue and the Google Play store.

While the business model is interesting in itself, it's the core kernel, though, that we're focussing on today. This is the element that bridges the gap between the software and the hardware, which also includes drivers and modules for specific chips in the device. On full-blown Linux distributions, you can get busy changing what modules are compiled along with the kernel, making it smaller and faster to create a speed boost on your system.

When it comes to an Android system, the kernels are quite well optimised for individual devices, however there's always a little bit more you can do to optimise it for the way you use your phone. Removing the bluetooth module or various input drivers are a couple of examples, however you can also add elements to the kernel for if you think you are going to do some physical hacks to the device.

In order to build the kernel, you'll need to use the Linux distribution Ubuntu. You don't have to go to install it though; you just need to have it on some flash storage or a CD so you can live boot it on a PC or laptop. Then you are ready to get kernal building!

This tutorial first appeared in Android Magazine issue 44, which is available from all good shops and to download now.

 

—

1. 
   

   Go to Ubuntu

   If you're using Ubuntu 12.04 or later already, you're all good to go. Otherwise, head to the Ubuntu website and download the latest version of the operating system. Once done, burn the ISO to a disc or use Unetbootin in order to create a live-bootable USB stick.

 
2. 
   

   Boot into Ubuntu

   Reboot your computer with the USB stick or disc in your system. Look out for an option to open the boot menu right as it turns on and select the medium on which you're accessing Ubuntu from. After a little wait you'll be asked if you want to try or install Ubuntu, so click Try.

 
3. 
   

   Preparing Ubuntu for building

   Ubuntu is not quite ready yet for making the kernel, so first you need to install some extra software. Press the Ubuntu logo or the Windows key and search for the terminal and then type in: $ sudo apt-get install build-essential kernel-package libncurses5-dev bzip2

4. 
   

   Get your kernel source

   Each device has a specific kernel and you'll need to Google your device to get the exact one. There are some general ones on AOSP, and HTC and Samsung have dedicated pages for kernels. Download the appropriate one to the main hard drive and create a new folder for it.

 
5. 
   

   Download the NDK

   Head to the Android NDK site and download the 32 or 64-bit Linux version depending on what you're live booting. Put it in the same folder as kernel source code and extract it. If the kernel source was compressed, make sure you extract that as well.

 
6. 
   

   Prepare to configure

   Back in the terminal, use cd to navigate to the kernel folder and use:
   $ export CROSS_COMPILE=[folder location]/androidkernel/android-ndk-r10b/toolchains/arm-linux-androideabi-4.6/prebuilt/linux-x86_64/bin/arm-linux-androideabi-
   In the kernel source, find the defconfig file with your devices code on and rename it to maker.defconfig or maker_defconfig.

7. 
   

   Go to the kernel menu

   Back in the terminal use the two following commands:
   make maker.config
   make menuconfig
   After the second you'll be shown the kernel configuration menu where you can start making changes to what modules are included in your kernel.

 
8. 
   

   Configure the kernel

   It's very important that you know what you're changing in the menu. Removing random modules will likely just result in your phone not booting but some may actually damage your device. Google the options if you don't know what you want to change.

 
9. 
   

   Build your new kernel

   Once you're happy with the configurations and have saved what you've done, you can now begin to build your brand new kernel. Use the following command, replacing X with the number of cores in your devices' CPU:
   $ make -jX ARCH=arm

10. 
    

    Flash to phone

    To use the shiny new kernal on your phone, you'll first need to find a flashable kernel zip for your device and then copy the zImage created from the build into the kernel. This is also your chance to add even more modules, such as Wi-Fi, to fully customise your phone to run exactly as you want.

Android Kernel Customization

The kernel, in this regard, is extremely customizable. Not only does the manufacturer have to plug in the necessary drivers to get all of the hardware to work correctly, but there are a lot of variables that they need to set. They can mess with all sorts of things, such as:

• the minimum and maximum frequencies that the CPU can scale up or down to
• how busy the CPU should be before it enables extra cores that it normally has disabled to save battery
• the frequency the CPU should boost to whenever it detects touch input (to ensure a smoother wake up)
• the CPU governor (which determines how quickly it tends to ramp up the frequency or not) that should be used
• change the voltage of the CPU during all possible frequencies
• the maximum frequency of the GPU
• enable USB fast charge (for USB 3.0 ports)
• configure the I/O scheduler that is used

How A Replacement Kernel Benefits You

That's great and all, but what can a custom kernel do for you? There are many different custom kernels for virtually every Android device in existence, so you'll have a lot of options to choose from. Depending on your needs, you can pick kernels that are optimized for performance, or ones that are optimized for power savings. Others have a good balance of both.

There are some developers who switch out some drivers with others (for varying reasons), or develop their own patches for problems they identify. A lot of developers also try to include upstream Linux kernel patches, or use their own toolkits for compilation. For example, for my Nexus 5, there's one developer who uses his own toolkit, which includes the latest version of GCC, a Linaro toolchain with optimizations specifically for the CPU architecture used, and maximum optimization flags for the compiler.

Developers can even add some additional features from other kernels that don't officially exist for your device. For example, there are some kernels for the Nexus 5 that include the "double tap to wake" feature that first appeared on the LG G2.

Most of all, a handful of kernels allow you to access the configurable variables yourself, so that you can use the code that the kernel developers release but tweak it to adjust its behavior to your liking. However, you'll want to research some of the options available before you actually start to change values for them. In other words, a custom kernel can provide improvements, extra features, specialization, and extreme configurability.

Where To Find Android Kernels

It's rather easy to find a kernel for your device. Assuming that you have your device rooted and acustom recovery installed, you can browse through the XDA-Developers forum, look in the subforum for your specific device, search through the threads for any that have a [KERNEL] tag in the thread's title, download one that you like, and flash the .zip file via your custom recovery.

There may also be a sticky thread that may contain a list of popular kernels available for easy searching. Once you've decided on a kernel you'd like to use, just download it (it should be in a .zip file) and flash it using the custom recovery. Be sure to adhere to all instructions that the kernel developer may provide, and any of their instructions would override any of my advice.

Malicious File Extensions

angerous and malicious file extension list

Group of file extensions, which can be dangerous and harmful for your computer, but it may be also a regular program or data files. You should run a virus scan before opening any unknown file type from this group.

Malicious software, also known as malware, is an application or a file, which is harmful to the computer user. Malicious software includes computer viruses, worms, trojan horses, spyware, adware or rootkits.

Computer virus - virus is a program or programming code, which replicates by being copied or initiating its copying to another program, computer boot sector or document. Viruses can be transmitted as attachments to an e-mail note or in a downloaded file, or can be present on a diskette or CD. Some viruses wreak their effect as soon as their code is executed, other lie dormant until circumstances cause their code to be executed by the computer.

Computer worm - worm is a self-replicating virus, which does not alter files, but resides in active memory and duplicates itself. Worms use parts of the operating system that are automatic and usually invisible to the user. It is common for worms to be noticed only after their uncontrolled replication consumes system resources, slowing or halting other tasks.

Trojan horses - trojan horse (also known as trojan), is non-self-replicating malware, which appears to perform a desirable function for the user, while facilitates unauthorized access to the user's computer system.

Spyware - spyware is any technology, which aids in gathering information about a person or organization without their knowledge. Spyware is a program that is installed in someone's computer to secretly gather information about the user and to relay it to advertisers or other interested parties. Spyware can get in the computer as a software virus or as the result of installing a new program.

Adware - adware is any software package, which automatically plays, displays or downloads advertisements to the computer after the software is installed on it or while the application is being used.

Rootkits - rootkit is a collection of programs that enable administrator-level access to a computer or computer network. Typically, a cracker installs a rootkit on a computer after first obtaining user-level access, either by exploiting a known vulnerability or cracking the password. Once the rootkit is installed, it allows the attacker to mask intrusion and gain root or privileged access to the computer and possibly also to other machines in the network.

Sort by: Extension	Sort by: File type description
file extension gzquar	BitDefender quarantine file
file extension bin	CD/DVD binary image file
file extension eml	Email message file
file extension exe	Program executable file
file extension jar	Compressed archive file package for Java classes and data file
file extension lnk	Windows Shortcut file
file extension dll	Dynamic Link Library file
file extension shs	Microsoft Windows Shell Scrap Object file
file extension sys	System file
file extension zix	WinZix compressed archive file
file extension swf	ShockWave Flash, Animated vector format for the Internet
file extension scr	Microsoft Windows screensaver file
file extension vsd	Microsoft Visio diagram document file
file extension chm	Microsoft compiled HTML help file
file extension aru	Autorun.aru malicious file
file extension bat	Batch file (executable)
file extension ocx	ActiveX control file
file extension vexe	Infected executable file
file extension js	JavaScript file
file extension ozd	Win32.TrojanDownloader.Agent.OZD trojan
file extension ini	Text configuration file
file extension wmf	Windows metafile format
file extension scr	Script file
file extension ws	Microsoft Windows script file
file extension pif	Microsoft Windows Program Information File
file extension drv	Microsoft Windows device driver
file extension ctbl	Malware encrypted file
file extension cpl	Microsoft Windows Control Panel file
file extension 386	Windows virtual device driver
file extension com	Command executable file
file extension buk	Malicious file
file extension smtmp	Trojan:Win32/FakeSysdef folder
file extension php3	PHP version 3 script file
file extension rsc_tmp	Temporary file
file extension class	Java bytecode class file
file extension exe1	Renamed executable file
file extension vbs	Visual Basic script file
file extension smm	Ami Pro macro file
file extension wss	Microsoft Windows Sound System file
file extension dev	Windows Device Driver file
file extension vbe	Visual Basic encoded script file
file extension xlm	Microsoft Excel Macro file
file extension pcx	Paintbrush bitmap image
file extension vxd	Microsoft Windows virtual device driver
file extension cmd	Microsoft Windows command script file
file extension wlpginstall	Possible Malware file
file extension bkd	Book Library Local Dos exploit file
file extension vba	Visual Basic VBA module file
file extension dxz	Trojan backdoor virus file
file extension cih	Chernobyl virus file
file extension tps	Scam torrent file
file extension hlp	Help file
file extension kcd	rshiphop.kcd malware file
file extension xir	BackDoor.Generic9.XIR trojan file
file extension cryptowall	Encrypted file by Cryptowall ransomware
file extension sop	Malware word.sop file
file extension dyz	Backdoor.Win32.ProRat.dyz trojan file
file extension hlw	win32/AMalum.EDHZ file
file extension wsf	Microsoft Windows scripting file
file extension fnr	Trojan-Dropper.Win32.Flystud.lc. file
file extension boo	Microsoft Booasm.arc encoded file archive
file extension fjl	Rootkit.Win32.Agent.fjl virus file
file extension lik	Trojan.Win32.Agent.lik file
file extension s7p	SubSeven trojan file
file extension rhk	Backdoor.Win32.Rbot.rhk trojan virus file
file extension dlb	Troj/Dloadr-AHT file
file extension dom	DomPlayer malicious file
file extension tsa	jnana.tsa malware file
file extension php2	PHP version 2 script (HyperText PreProcessor)
file extension pgm	Portable graymap file format
file extension bll	VBS/European-A worm file
file extension vb	Microsoft Visual Studio Visual Basic script file
file extension mjz	Trojan.Win32.Agent.mjz file
file extension osa	W32/Sober-AD file
file extension fag	Win32.AutoRun.fag
file extension cla	Java Class file
file extension nls	Troj/Agent-GIS file
file extensionexe_renamed	Renamed EXE file
file extension bxz	itaup.bxz malware file
file extension mfu	Backdoor.Win32.Agent.mfu virus file
file extension vbx	Microsoft Visual Basic Extension file
file extension ezt	Worm.Win32.AutoRun.ezt file
file extension cryptolocker	CryptoLocker encrypted file
file extension iws	Trojan-Downloader.JS.Agent file
file extension wsc	Microsoft Windows scripting component file
file extension dllx	Backdoor.Bot file
file extension dbd	DemoShield project file
file extension uzy	Backdoor.Sokacaps file
file extension xdu	Backdoor.Win32.PcClient.xdu file
file extension tko	Win32/Oficla malware file
file extension dyv	WORM_AUTORUN.DYV Worm file
file extension oar	HSQLDB database file
file extension ska	Happy99 virus file
file extension blf	Beast Trojan File
file extension mjg	Trojan file
file extension txs	Beast Trojan file
file extension cc	Trojan Spymaster.A text file
file extension cfxxe	Possibly Malware file
file extension atm	Troj/ProAgent-A
file extension rna	Malware file
file extension tti	Beast Trojan file
file extension upa	Fake download file
file extension cxq	SillyDl.CXQ downloading trojan file
file extension wsh	Microsoft Windows Scripting Host file
file extension delf	Malicious or virus file
file extension xlv	Microsoft Excel VBA module file
file extension lkh	Worm.Generic.LKH virus file
file extension ce0	Winewar worm file
file extension dli	Win32.Sober.AD@mm file
file extension vzr	Sinowal.vzr malware file
file extension spam	Spam e-mail message
file extension ceo	Winewar worm file
file extension fuj	Worm.Win32.AutoRun.fuj virus file
file extension xnt	W32/Sober-AD file
file extension bmw	W32/Liji-A virus file
file extension ssy	W32/Sober-AD file
file extension lok	W32/Rbot-WE log file
file extension zvz	Malware file
file extension plc	Lotus add-in functions macros applications
file extension aepl	Trojan file
file extension qit	Backdoor.QIT trojan horse file
file extension let	Nuke Randomic Life Generator file
file extension pr	W32/Brontok-DP worm file
file extension pid	W32/Yayin-A worm data file
file extension iva	Dementia.4207 virus file
file extension hts	Troj/DelSpy-E file
file extension hsq	Qaz Trojan data file
file extension cyw	Rbot.CYW worm file
file extension bqf	Backdoor.Win32.Ciadoor.bqf trojan file
file extension aut	Malware AutoStartup file
file extension dx	Win32/Alureon file